1) I know we have come a long way in bone regeneration but I was
always taught that regenerating bone outside of the alveolar housing is very
difficult and challenging. Over the last 20+ years I have experienced these
challenges myself in my clinical practice. Why is it then that now with the POPA
procedures we can add non-autogenous bone graft material (oftentimes without
the addition of any biologics or membranes as in the original Wilckodontics
technique) and have this bone graft
material turn into vital bone that can support moving teeth significantly
outside of the alveolar housing? Do we actually have any evidence besides
post-op CT scans (which may only be showing the non-resorbed bone graft
material) that these facially and lingually applied bone grafts are turning
into actual vital bone, i.e. that we are truly regenerating bone…..Or are they
just turning into a thick encapsulated collagen matrix, a “glorified thick soft
tissue”?
Firstly, I would
highly recommend Brugnani's text for an excellent overview on this emerging and
wonderful technology. Quite frankly, I
think that orthodontists not incorporating POPA into their daily schedule are
not practicing at the level of care required today. See Fig. 1 below.
Tom Wilcko elegantly
demonstrates, histologically new bone, similar to GBR type bone at sites where
bone was not previously present. My experience is that we can adequately
grow GBR type bone where root surface exposure has not occurred. I have
not been successful in demonstrating on follow up CBCT definitive bone on
previously exposed root surfaces. Therefore, the presence of an intact
periodontium, albeit without alveolar bone, for example a fenestration or
dehiscence with intact untouched connective tissue attachment lends itself to
this situation.
I have at least six
re-entry cases demonstrating this phenomenon histologically. See
one of my re-entry histological cases, Fig. 2, below.
2) For 3-4 decades clinicians have routinely done
pre-orthodontic gingival augmentation AND root coverage procedures in Ortho and
non-Ortho cases without adding any bone. But we have not experienced any
significant recurrence of recession post gingival grafting (by whichever
means). Clinicians have presented their long-term 20+ year results of stable
soft tissue grafting results. Are they cherry picking and choosing what they
show? Is post-operative recession indeed being experienced by all these
patients and are we just sweeping these failures under the rug or are we not
following these patients long enough to see these recurrences?
Difficult
answer. Some of our worst recession cases are post orthodontic.
Renkema, in a terrific Meta Analysis, demonstrates the risk of post orthodontic
crowding 4x-8x greater in the treated crowded dentition than in the not treated
dentition. And of course, that makes sense that most orthodontic
treatment for crowding is arch expansion, especially in the mandibular arch
where we cannot gain space, as we do in the maxillary arch through SARPE's or
other procedures.
However the cases
that these clinicians show are post
recession. The recession and
particularly the relapse (up to 75% between 10-20 years is avoidable if hard
and soft tissue grafting is completed before initiating orthodontic de-crowding
treatment.
3.) Danny Buser very
honestly points out that with his buccal bone grafting technique he is not
expecting all his bone graft to turn into solid vital bone and that is the
reason he calls it “Buccal Contour Augmentation” rather than “Buccal Bone
Augmentation”. It is now apparently universally accepted that we need a 2mm
thickness of bone circumferentially around an implant for a long-term stable
result (BTW: Can someone please point me to the research where this 2mm number
came from…I am sure it exists but I just don’t have it).
The bone grafting
material that Buser uses for contour augmentation is the same as the material
that many of us use currently for POPA, which includes a very slow resorbing
Bio-oss. So if you look at the GBT or contour augmentation histology in
which Bio-oss is used by Buser, you will see remants of unresorbed Bio-oss
granules. The same appearance as the histology I have posted.
The essence of my
questions was not really to question the benefits of the corticotomies but
rather whether we need the bone augmentation or whether soft tissue
augmentation alone is sufficient (or do we need both as you have advised)?
Bone grafting
materials are Bio-Oss + DFDBA 2:1. I typically use a thin
Alloderm covering the graft, both as a barrier and also to thicken soft
tissue. This is a hypothesis - no evidence to support the concept. I do not use
biologics.
Again, the reason for
bone is both for soft tissue support and to limit further recession, but also to
enhance orthodontic stability in the long-term.
This has been well documented and demonstrated by Ferguson and Wilcko
with up to 10 year follow up. See Fig 3 below.
*****
Fig.1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3